What is Tourette syndrome?

Tourette syndrome is a lifelong condition that affects the nervous system, causing tics. Tics are sudden movements (motor tics) or sounds (phonic tics) that a person cannot control.

It often begins in childhood and is more common in boys than girls. Some people with Tourette syndrome also have other conditions. For example, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

There is no cure for Tourette syndrome, but some people find the tics improve as they enter adulthood.

What are the symptoms of Tourette syndrome?

Tourette syndrome is characterised by tics. Tics are sudden movements or sounds that a person cannot control. The type of tics and their characteristics can vary widely between people:

• Motor tics may be simple movements, such as blinking or shrugging your shoulders. They may also involve more complicated actions, such as making faces or spinning.
• Phonic tics are sounds, such as throat clearing, sniffing or saying words or phrases.

Less commonly, some people may make inappropriate gestures or say inappropriate words.

Many people experience discomfort or a strong urge before a tic, which resolves after the tic happens.

Tics may improve when you are focused on a task. Some people can stop their tics for a short time.

Sometimes, tics may cause harm, for example, if your tic makes you hit or scratch yourself or someone else.

What causes Tourette syndrome?

The exact cause of Tourette syndrome is not fully understood. It is likely caused by a mix of genetic (inherited), brain and immune factors:

• genetics — Tourette syndrome often runs in families. Certain genes are linked to brain development and how nerves communicate.
• brain changes — differences in brain areas that control movement may play a role
• immune factors — problems with the immune system during early development may increase your risk

Your tics may get worse if you:

• other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• were teased during childhood, possibly because of your tics
• are feeling stressed or tired

When should I see my doctor?

You should see your doctor if you or your child has symptoms of Tourette syndrome. Also see your doctor if you have tics that:

• last for more than a year
• affect your daily life, such as school, work or social interactions
• lead to physical harm, such as self-injury from movements
• are accompanied by other symptoms, such as mood changes, anxiety or trouble focusing
• worsen over time

It's also important to see a doctor if you have concerns about other conditions, such as ADHD or OCD.

How is Tourette syndrome diagnosed?

To diagnose Tourette syndrome, your doctor will ask about and observe your symptoms. They will also ask about your medical history and family health history.

Your doctor may:

• check for tics — tics must happen for more than a year and start before 18 years of age to diagnose Tourette syndrome
• watch for patterns — your doctor may look for simple (blinking or sniffing) or complex (jumping or saying phrases) tics
• rule out other problems — your doctor will make sure your tics are not caused by other conditions or medicines

There are no specific blood tests or scans to diagnose Tourette syndrome. Your doctor may use a tool, such as a tic severity scale, to measure how tics affect your life.

How is Tourette syndrome treated?

Tourette syndrome can be treated with therapy, medicine or a mix of both. Treatment depends on how severe your tics are and if you have other conditions, such as ADHD or OCD.

Treatment may include:

• therapy — such as CBIT (comprehensive behavioural intervention for tics). This may help you recognise tic triggers and use movements to control them.
• medicines — which may be used if therapy doesn't work for you or if your tics are severe
• deep brain stimulation (DBS) — a rare treatment for severe Tourette syndrome. During surgery, electrodes are placed in the brain to reduce tics.

Living with Tourette syndrome

Living with Tourette syndrome can be challenging. Understanding the condition and having the right support can make a big difference. Here are tips that may help you:

• Educate yourself and others. This may help in understanding and managing the condition.
• Manage other conditions you may have that can make your tics worse, such as OCD or ADHD.
• Seek support from family, friends or teachers. They may help you create a supportive environment.

What are the complications of Tourette syndrome?

Tourette syndrome may lead to complications, such as:

• physical complications — strong or repetitive tics, such as neck tics, may lead to injuries
• emotional challenges — Tourette syndrome may lead to anxiety, mood changes or anger outburst, and can lead to depression and feelings of hopelessness. This may lead to thoughts of self-harm or suicide. If you experience these, it's important to seek support.
• learning and school difficulties — difficulties with attention, behaviour and learning are common. This may make school more difficult. If you also have other conditions, such as ADHD or OCD, it may be even more challenging to focus or stay organised.
• sleep problems — such as trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

Can Tourette syndrome be prevented?

There is no known way to prevent Tourette syndrome.

Early recognition and getting the right help can make symptoms easier to manage and improve your quality of life.

Resources and support

Tourette Syndrome Association of Australia offers:

• further reading and organisations that can provide support
• a video that describes Tourette Syndrome for families, educators and the general public
• stories from people living with Tourette Syndrome

You can also call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222 (known as NURSE-ON-CALL in Victoria). A registered nurse is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Other languages

Health Translations offers translated information about Tourette Syndrome.